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Scientists built a tiny clock from single-electron jumps to probe the true energy cost of quantum timekeeping. They discovered that reading the clock’s output requires vastly more energy than the clock uses to function. This measurement process also drives the irreversibility that defines time’s forward direction. The insight could push researchers to rethink how quantum devices handle information.

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In-brief analysis

November 17, 2025

Data source: Baker Hughes Company
Note: Excludes any miscellaneous rigs

The average number of active rigs per month that are drilling for oil and natural gas in the U.S. Lower 48 states has declined steadily over the past few years from a recent peak of 750 rigs in December 2022 to 517 rigs this October. The declining rig count reflects operators’ responses to declining crude oil and natural gas prices and improvements in drilling efficiencies.

Since December 2022, the oil-directed rig count has dropped 33% to 397 rigs in October 2025, and the natural gas-directed rig count has declined 23% to 120 rigs over the same period. Natural gas-directed rigs dropped to 96 rigs in September last year amid historically low and prolonged natural gas prices. Both natural gas- and oil-directed

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Electrons can freeze into strange geometric crystals and then melt back into liquid-like motion under the right quantum conditions. Researchers identified how to tune these transitions and even discovered a bizarre “pinball” state where some electrons stay locked in place while others dart around freely. Their simulations help explain how these phases form and how they might be harnessed for advanced quantum technologies.

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