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In-brief analysis

April 15, 2025

U.S. energy consumption decreases in the next several years before increasing again in the early 2040s through 2050, according to our recently published Annual Energy Outlook 2025 (AEO2025). U.S. energy consumption in 2050 is lower than in 2024 in most of the scenarios we explore in AEO2025, but the range of outcomes varies significantly based on the underlying assumptions.

For AEO2025, we made significant updates to the model that underpins the results, adding a hydrogen market module; a carbon capture, allocation, transportation, and sequestration module; and an enhanced upstream oil and natural gas resources module. We also enhanced many existing modules to better reflect market dynamics and emerging technologies.

Our policy assumptions are central to understanding our AEO2025 projections. In most of the cases we modeled, we only considered laws and

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Mechanical behavior of dielectric materials used in high voltage submarine cables under dynamic loading.

High voltage dynamic cables used for power transmission in offshore environments are currently limited to 66kV. This project will conduct a systematic study on dielectric materials used in the construction of submarine cables, with the aim of evaluating their use in the design of dynamic cables with nominal capacity above 66kV.

In this first phase, lasting 24 months, emphasis will be given on studying the mechanical properties of three dielectric materials, assessing their sensitivity to temperature, aging and, especially, to the cyclic loads that are imposed by floating units under the action of waves and sea currents.

Experimental and theoretical approaches will be used. A simplified structural model for a dynamic high-voltage cable will be developed, capable of evaluating the fatigue life of these materials in representative oceanic scenarios.

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Synopsis

Materials Innovation Platforms (MIP) is a mid-scale infrastructure program in the Division of Materials Research (DMR) designed to accelerate advances in materials research. MIPs respond to the increasing complexity of materials research that requires close collaboration of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary teams and access to cutting edge tools. These tools in a user facility benefit both a user program and in-house research, which focus on addressing grand challenges of fundamental science and meet national needs. MIPs embrace the paradigm set forth by the Materials Genome Initiative (MGI), which strives to “discover, manufacture, and deploy advanced materials twice as fast, at a fraction of the cost,” and conduct research through iterative “closed-loop” efforts among the areas of materials synthesis/processing, materials characterization, and theory/modeling/simulation. In addition, they are expected to engage the emerging field of data science in materials research. Each MIP is a scientific ecosystem,

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NSF Financial Assistance awards (grants and cooperative agreements) made on or after October 1, 2024, will be subject to the applicable set of award conditions, dated October 1, 2024, available on the NSF website. These terms and conditions are consistent with the revised guidance specified in the OMB Guidance for Federal Financial Assistance published in the Federal Register on April 22, 2024.

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