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A groundbreaking new supercomputer simulation is revealing how the universe escaped its cosmic dark age and transformed into a cosmos filled with stars and galaxies. Called Lumina, it recreates 2 billion years of early cosmic history across a region 1.6 billion light-years wide, capturing extraordinary details that previous simulations could not.

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For more than 75 years, NSF’s directorates have sustained the depth of expertise on which American scientific leadership depends. In the intervening period, the organization of scientific practice has changed. Many of the most consequential questions before researchers today do not belong to a single established discipline, and many of the capabilities required to answer those questions are distributed across fields, institutions, sectors, and levels of technological readiness.

The study of intelligence and cognition increasingly draws together computer and information science, mathematics, neuroscience, engineering, biology, and the behavioral sciences. Developing a greater understanding of quantum phenomena depends on advances in fundamental physics, materials, devices, computation, engineering, and advanced manufacturing. The ability to discover, control, replicate, and produce advanced forms of materials and matter requires deep integration across chemistry, physics, computation, and engineering. The next era of biological design and engineering will require foundational and enabling

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Global fossil fuel emissions are projected to fall in 2026 as renewable energy and electric vehicles gain ground, but rising emissions from deforestation threaten to push total CO2 emissions to a new record. Scientists warn that the world’s remaining carbon budget for limiting warming to 1.5°C could be exhausted in less than four years, even as a lasting decline in emissions appears increasingly within reach.

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