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In-brief analysis

August 11, 2025

Five countries account for more than two-thirds of the world’s total nuclear electricity generation capacity. The United States has the most capacity, followed by France, China, Russia, and South Korea, based on International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) data as of June 2025. Globally, 416 nuclear power reactors are operating in 31 countries, with a total installed net generating capacity of 376 gigawatts (GW).

The development of nuclear power plants for commercial electricity generation began in the United States in the late 1950s with the commissioning of the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania. Most of the operating U.S. nuclear generating capacity was constructed between 1967 and 1990.

Electric utilities in the United States currently operate 94 nuclear reactors, and the country is the world’s largest producer of nuclear electricity. Domestically, nuclear

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Scientists have found that microscopic gold clusters can act like the world’s most accurate quantum systems, while being far easier to scale up. With tunable spin properties and mass production potential, they could transform quantum computing and sensing.

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U.S. National Science Foundation

Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences
     Division of Astronomical Sciences
     Division of Chemistry
     Division of Materials Research
     Division of Mathematical Sciences
     Division of Physics

Full Proposal Deadline(s) (due by 5 p.m. submitting organization’s local time):

     April 17, 2025

     January 22, 2026

     Fourth Thursday in January, Annually Thereafter

Important Information And Revision Notes

Given the February 2025 release of the first phase of the Carnegie Classification, the eligibility criterion for institutions applying to the NSF solicitation 25-535 is “Institutions not currently classified in the category Research 1: Very High Spending and Doctorate Production”. Please see the program webpage for additional information.

Annual submission deadlines have been changed.

The program synopsis, project description, additional solicitation-specific criteria have been modified.

Any proposal submitted in response to this solicitation should be submitted in accordance with the NSF Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide (PAPPG) that

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